Groupthink Process

Group Characteristics 
  Group cohesiveness
  Leader Promotion of Preferred solution
  Insulation from expert opinion
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Symptoms of groupthink
   1. Invulnerability
   2. Rationalization
   3. Morality
   4. Stereotyping
   5. Peer Pressure
   6. Self-censorship
   7. Unanimity
   8. Mindguards
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Decision- Making Defects
   1. Few Alterantives
   2. No Reexamination of Preferred Alternative
   3. No Reexamination of Rejected Alternative
   4. Rejection of expert opinions
   5. Selective Bias of new information
   6. No contigency plans
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Outcome variables
   Lower Performance
   Lower decision quality